Healthy young individuals' performance in cognitive tests increases significantly more shortly after an acute endurance exercise session compared to shortly after a control treatment ( Tomporowski, 2003 Chang et al., 2012 McMorris, 2016). Several experiments suggest cognitive benefits following an acute endurance exercise session. For Free-recall, participants expected worse performance after vigorous exercise compared to myofascial release training as well.Ĭonclusion: Our results indicate that expectation-driven placebo effects are unlikely to cause the reported greater cognitive improvements following acute moderate and vigorous endurance exercise compared to following common control group treatments. Significantly worse performance after vigorous exercise compared to after very light exercise was expected for Stroop and Free-recall. Participants expected significantly worse performance following vigorous exercise compared to following waiting and stretching for all cognitive tests. Results: No significantly different expectations for cognitive benefits toward acute moderate exercise and control group treatments could be revealed. Participants rated the effect they would expect on their performance in those tasks, if they had received the treatment shortly before the task, on an 11-point Likert scale. Then, they were introduced to three commonly used cognitive test procedures in acute exercise-cognition research (Stroop-test, Trail-Making-test, Free-recall-task). Methods: Healthy individuals ( N = 247, 24.26 ± 3.88 years) were randomized to eight different groups watching videos of a moderate, a vigorous exercise treatment or one control group treatment (waiting, reading, video-watching, stretching, myofascial release workout, and very light exercise). The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between expectations for cognitive benefits toward acute endurance exercise and multiple control group treatments. However, it was also hypothesized that expectation-driven placebo effects account for these positive effects. These cognitive benefits are interpreted as a result of a physiological response to exercise. Introduction: Many studies report improvements in cognitive performance following acute endurance exercise compared to control group treatment. 3National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.2Department of Circulation Research and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.1Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.Max Oberste 1 †, Philipp Hartig 1 †, Wilhelm Bloch 1, Benjamin Elsner 1, Hans-Georg Predel 2, Bernhard Ernst 1 ‡ and Philipp Zimmer 1,3 * ‡
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